McLane Creek, May 1 & 13. Odds and Ends and Biological Tales – Bird Edition. When I think about freshwater marshes and small ponds, the sounds that are most prominent in my mind are the deep booming calls of bullfrogs and the loud high-pitched trills of red-winged blackbirds. Red-winged blackbirds may be the most common land bird in the U.S. During the breeding season, males establish territories in a marsh or the margins of a pond. They vigorously defend these territories from other males and even much larger birds, such as bald eagles. Males sing from prominent perches within their territories;

as they sing, they display their bright red shoulder patches.

But when not singing, a male can hide his prominent shoulder patches.

The plumage of females is far more cryptic – an oversized sparrow.

When not singing, we watched the male dance over the top of the lily pads for a meal. The female that we saw did the same, even lifting the edges of some lily pads to search for insect larvae hiding under the blade.
Some territories are better than others: more abundant food resources, better protection for a nest against predators. Therefore, while females prefer to be the only mate of a territorial male blackbird, she will join the “harem” of females within the territory of male with a particularly good territory, a polygynous (many females) reproductive strategy. A single male may have a dozen females nesting within his territory. There are also some advantages of having multiple birds to drive off potential predators that come too close to the territory.
However, genetic evidence proves that a female isn’t especially faithful to the male in whose territory she builds her nest (and vice versa). It doesn’t take long for birds to “do the deed” (or “make whoopee” for fans of the classic “Newlyweds Game” show). Genetic screening of the paternity of the offspring of many “monogamous” birds has shown that some “straying” is quite common, even among socially-monogamous species. And some females even lay their eggs in the nests of another female for the other female to raise.
Male white-crowned sparrows also defend territories; they will find a prominent perch in their territory and loudly proclaim their availability (and alert rival males to stay away).

Typically, he will be socially monogamous with a single female for a single breeding season. While the female builds the nest and incubates the eggs, both putative parents feeds the hatchlings. When the two birds migrate back to the breeding grounds the next year, there is a 60-ish% chance that they will pair up again. But as with the red-winged blackbirds, there is some extra-pair “hanky-panky” with as many 40% of the chicks not sharing genes with the putative male of the pair.
As we continued our walk around the pond, the bird ID app, Merlin, indicated that there were several black-headed grosbeaks vocalizing in the forest. After searching the shrubs, we spotted the male who popped into view for a picture or two.

His mate also popped into view briefly before they both headed off deeper in the shrubbery
These birds, related to cardinals, migrate back to the PNW in spring from their wintering grounds in Central Mexico. I had seen my first male black-headed grosbeak of the spring at our bird feeders only a day or so earlier. They are huge fans of the black sunflower seeds in our bird feeders; males, females, and offspring will just land on the perch on the feeder and just chow down for long periods, like an all-you-can-eat buffet.
What I didn’t know previously is that when these black-headed grosbeaks are in Mexico, they are major predators on monarch butterflies that have also migrated there during the winter. This is VERY unusual because monarchs are known to the chemically-defended against most predators. The monarch caterpillars sequester (store) cardiac glycosides that are produced by milkweed plants to deter herbivores. Cardiac glycosides interfere with ion pumps critical for proper muscle function, including heart muscles. But monarch butterflies have mutations that lead to ion pumps that are not blocked by cardiac glycosides. Therefore, very few organisms eat milkweed plants and very few predators eat monarch butterflies and their caterpillars (and live). The bright coloration of monarch caterpillars and adults serve as warning coloration (aposematic coloration) that warns potential predators to even mess with them. So, how can black-headed grosbeaks chow down on monarchs at their winter roosts in Mexico? Well, black -headed grosbeak have several mutations to the genes that produce ions pumps such that the pumps are unaffected by the cardiac glycosides in monarchs too. So, monarch butterflies are on their menu in winter.
Later, we had great views of a male common yellowthroat warbler. Because their calls and songs are distinctive, you know that they are around somewhere in the rushes or the dense riparian shrubs. But they are often shy, but this bird was very cooperative.

Steve