“There was an old lady who swallowed a fly. Perhaps she’ll die”. The history of European rabbits and red foxes on San Juan Island (SJI) shares many aspects of the old nursery rhyme. Whatever land mammals may have been on SJI were wiped out by the last glacial maximum 20,000 years ago and the island’s distance from the mainland has been a barrier to recolonization (a field of science known as island biogeography). As a result, San Juan Island lacks some of the mammals found on the mainland or even some of the other San Juan Islands. For example, the only squirrel species on San Juan Island is the elusive Northern flying squirrel. There are no gray squirrels or chipmunks or native rabbits on San Juan.
But European domestic rabbits were first introduced in the late 1800’s by a lighthouse keeper on San Juan Island (for sale as meat in Seattle) and some escaped / were released. As a result, these feral European rabbits have been quite common and can be found across the island, especially in broad warrens along the southern slopes of American Camp National Historic Monument. At times, the rabbit population has exploded; a single pair can produce 180 rabbits in 18 months. I have heard tales of Friday Harbor Labs graduate students in the 1970’s who competed with the local bald eagles to harvest road-killed rabbits – perhaps legend, perhaps some truth (suspects available on request). High rabbit numbers have meant chewed-up vegetable gardens and grasslands/prairies that have been badly overgrazed and disturbed by rabbit burrows. There is a vast rabbit warren off Pickett’s Lane leading to South Beach at American Camp. It is easy to see by the mounds of earth and the short-cropped grasses where the rabbit warrens are concentrated.
Efforts to remove / control these nuisance rabbits have include hunting them, infecting them with nasty viruses, and introducing a non-native predator, the red foxes (hence the nursery rhyme reference above). These SJI foxes are not even the native Western Washington red foxes, but came from population from Alaska and Western Canada which show genetic differences from the native foxes. These introduced animals had been domesticated for the fur trade before some were released on San Juan Islands; therefore, the islands have both the more common red fur morphs and silver morphs.
The introduction of the foxes has been partially successful; they do eat European rabbits. But these foxes also feed on a number of other native bird and mammal species. It seemed to me that when foxes invaded the Friday Harbor Labs reserve, the number of California quail dropped dramatically. Exactly their impact on native ground-nesting birds, mammals, and reptiles (garter snakes and alligator lizards) is unknown.
And the interactions foxes and rabbits and humans have brought new problems: the “foxerazzi”. In spring, the adult foxes hunt rabbits and pass them to their kits who have left the family den, but which are not yet adept hunters on their own. But the resident bald eagles, ever eager for an easy meal, keep watch over the warrens and will swoop in to steal the rabbits from the foxes. In one famous photograph, an eagle has grabbed a fox’s rabbit in its talons and attempted to carry it off, but the fox has kept its hold on the rabbit and all three are in the air (honorable mention at the 2019 Audubon photograph award). [In the end, the fox kit let go and fell to the ground unharmed and the eagle made off with its stolen meal.].
The opportunity to photograph cute fox kits in the wild and perhaps photograph this unusual three-species interaction has led to an explosion of photographers who want to capture these kinds of images = “foxerazzi”. In response, the park service had had to put up signs that limit where people can go to maintain some distance between the wildlife (albeit introduced wildlife), especially the fox dens, and the people. And some people appear to be feeding the foxes, either to draw them in closer for photographs or in the mistaken belief that they are hungry. This habituates the foxes to people and can lead to unfortunate interactions (bites, disease transmission, etc.).
The Robert’s Redoubt (built in part by Lieutenant Henry Robert who later wrote Robert’s Rules of Order) location at American Camp National Historic Monument provides commanding views of the South end of San Juan Island, across to Griffin Bay, South Beach, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. That’s why it was a great location for a military base when the U.S. and Great Britain were at odds during the “Pig War” which started in 1859 when an American farmer shot a Hudson Bay Company pig that was rooting in his garden (look it up…). While we were observing short-eared owls on New Year’s Day from the slopes of the redoubt, we also had a great view into the rabbit warrens along Pickett’s Road (yes, that Civil War Pickett). We saw first one silver-phase fox, then a second silver-phase, and then a third red[phase fox wander onto the warrens in the late afternoon.
After absorbing our fill of short-eared owls and Northern harriers, we drove down Pickett’s Lane and then onto South Beach. The red-phase fox had trotted through the thicket of trees/shrubs that separate the slope with the rabbit warrens from the beach flat and small dunes. My wife indicated that this was the male. He was clearly on a mission, sniffing behind the parking area for any dropped food and then through the picnic area. I managed a few choice pictures through the driver’s side window.

Heading back up Pickett’s lane in the dwindling light, I was in position to photograph the two silver-fox individuals that were in the middle of the rabbit warrens. One individual was curled up into a gray/silver ball as it napped. The other trotted across a warren not far from a pair of alert, but unperturbed rabbits.

Steve